TGFB1 and neoplasm: Curiously, TGF-β switches from demonstrating tumor-suppressing properties in early stage tumors to tumor-promoting properties in late stage tumors (Lebrun, 2012; Massagué, 2008; Padua & Massagué, 2009; Papageorgis, 2015; Principe et al., 2014; Seoane & Gomis, 2017; Tian & Schiemann, 2009); this phenomenon is termed the “TGF-β paradox”.