Tumor cells also upregulate TGF-β expression to stimulate EMT (which is involved in cancer invasion and metastasis) (Galliher & Schiemann, 2007; Sánchez-Elsner et al., 2001; Yuan et al., 2014), angiogenesis (Goumans, Liu, & ten Dijke, 2009; Nishida, Yano, Nishida, Kamura, & Kojiro, 2006; Sánchez-Elsner et al., 2001), and immunosuppression (Batlle & Massagué, 2019; Chakravarthy, Khan, Bensler, Bose, & De Carvalho, 2018; Derynck, Turley, & Akhurst, 2021; Jiang et al., 2018; Mariathasan et al., 2018; Tauriello et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.