Specifically, insulin emerged as an independent risk factor for prevalent and incident CHF (Nichols et al., 2004; Cosmi et al., 2018), with insulin-treated diabetes portending even worse mortality rates than diabetes alone (Smooke et al., 2005; Damluji et al., 2017; Cosmi et al., 2018). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is congestive heart failure.