It has also been found that DCA can promote the transcription of MUC2 mucin in HM3 colon cancer cells by active ting multiple pathways, including the EGFR/PKC/Ras/rf-1/MEK1/ERK/CREB, PI3K/Akt/IkappaB/NF-B and p38/MSK1/CREB pathways, and this effect can be inhibited by the erJNK/c-jun/ap-1 pathway. Here, JUN is linked to colonic neoplasm.