ERN1 and breast cancer: identified that PA-MSHA induced autophagy in human breast cancer cells through upregulation the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-activated IRE1 signaling, and treatment of an autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenosine (3-MA) enhanced the PA-MSHA-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells in vitro and tumor regression in vivo (53).