HMGB1 and myeloid sarcoma: For instance, HMGB1 has also been implicated in the breakdown of the BBB (Zhang et al., 2011; Nishibori et al., 2020), an integral component of MS pathophysiology (Balasa et al., 2021) and studies in MS patients corroborate this; serum levels of HMGB1 in MS patients are significantly higher than healthy controls (Bucova et al., 2020).