VIM and lung carcinoma: Additionally, vimentin is a gold-standard marker of epithelial–to-mesenchymal differentiation during malignancies (Satelli and Li, 2011; Bogush et al., 2020), and is also proposed as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in lung cancers (Rho et al., 2009; Dauphin et al., 2013; Rodriguez et al., 2013; Havel et al., 2015; Teocharoen et al., 2021).