SQSTM1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In our study, we attempted to develop this novel prognostic model by integrating five autophagy-, three ferroptosis-, and two pyroptosis-related DEGs (BIRC5, SQSTM1, HDAC1, RHEB, ATIC, G6PD, ACACA, SLC1A5, BAK1, and GSDME), which were all upregulated in HCC tumor tissues and associated with poor prognosis (Supplementary Figures S2, S3).