In our study, we attempted to develop this novel prognostic model by integrating five autophagy-, three ferroptosis-, and two pyroptosis-related DEGs (BIRC5, SQSTM1, HDAC1, RHEB, ATIC, G6PD, ACACA, SLC1A5, BAK1, and GSDME), which were all upregulated in HCC tumor tissues and associated with poor prognosis (Supplementary Figures S2, S3). Here, HDAC1 is linked to neoplasm.