As shown in Figure 4, NADPH oxidases, including NOX2, p22phox, and Rac1, significantly increased in the UUO control group (NOX2; 1.34 ± 0.09, p22phox; 1.39 ± 0.24, Rac1; 1.56 ± 0.13), whereas CF treatment dramatically decreased such the increase to the level of the normal. Here, RAC1 is linked to cystic fibrosis.