In summary, during chronic ASCs with HBeAg-negative infection, CD4+ T cells and their subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, and Treg cells, showed high expressions of immune checkpoint molecules (TIM-3, PD-1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3) and decreased the secretion of cytokines. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is infection.