PARPi may facilitate a more profound antitumor immune response and synergize with ICIs by inducing DNA damage, producing a T helper 1 (Th1) immune-mediated response via IFN signaling, activation of APC cells, increased recruitment of effector lymphocytes, and promoting upregulation of PD-L1 in tumor cells (39, 49, 61). This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and neoplasm.