CCL2 and glioblastoma: In contrast, GBM tumor cells protect themselves by inducing IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-8, CCL2, IL-6, and TGFβ, which impair the anti-tumor ability of immune cells and reprogram immune cells to inflammatory phenotypes that produce inflammatory mediators, anagenetic factors, and PD-1/PD-L1, resulting in GBM tumor cell evasion and invasion (44, 82, 83).