VEGFA and glioblastoma: It is noteworthy that pro-inflammatory and angiogenic pathways including TNF, interferon (IFN), NF-κB, and hypoxia pathways in GAMs accelerate RAS-driven-GBM tumor cell proliferation via upregulation of IL-1β, VEGFA, CCL8, Arg1, CD274, and PD-L1 (72).