TLR4 and neoplasm: Meanwhile, IL-1β also activates the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2)- human antigen R (HuR), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), and other inflammation-associated signaling pathways that significantly increase the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in GBM tumor cells, eventually developing an inflammatory TME in favor of GBM invasion and growth (61–63).