The major inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as reactive oxygen species are activated by bacterial endotoxin (LPS or lipopolysaccharide) (93), β-amyloid, and interferon (IFN)-γ, which cause neuronal damage and ultimately neurodegenerative disease progression (88). Here, TNF is linked to neurodegenerative disease.