S100A4 and Mental deterioration: As another HHCys-related effect, reduction in angiogenesis results from the downregulation of pro-angiogenic factors in serum (FAS, S100A4, TNFRSF12A, and TGFBR3; Wiley et al., 2001; Lambert et al., 2003; Ambartsumian et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019) and CSF (DLK1 and ACVRL1; Urness et al., 2000; Huang et al., 2018), which might display an interesting mechanistic aspect in terms of vascular contribution to cognitive decline and dementia.