INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Furthermore, ginsenoside Rk3 ameliorates insulin resistance, prevents inflammation, and improves lipid accumulation and gluconeogenesis in HFD/STZ-induced T2DM mice via the AMPK/Akt signaling pathway (24), and ginsenoside Re can reduce blood glucose levels, increase insulin levels, improve lipid metabolism, and reduce endothelial cell dysfunction by modulating the p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK signaling pathways to produce antidiabetic effects (25).