MTOR and lupus nephritis: Dysregulation of the mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is observed in patients and mice with active lupus nephritis, and mTOR activation contributes to inflammatory and fibrotic processes (Warner et al., 1994; Lui et al., 2008a; Lui et al., 2008b; Zhang et al., 2019).