In addition, lncRNAs are involved in BLCA drug resistance and progression through various pathways (e.g. NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, Wnt, FOXC2 and EZH2), which has important implications for the treatment and prognosis of BLCA patients (Barth et al., 2020; Ashrafizaveh et al., 2021; Mirzaei et al., 2022). Here, AKT1 is linked to bladder transitional cell carcinoma.