To date, several biomarkers, such as PD-L1 (Programmed death-Ligand 1) expression in tumor or immune cells, the existence of driver gene mutations, and tumor mutational burden, have been available to predict patients’ responses to ICI but with limited accuracy.1 Further, various next-generation ‘omics’ technologies that evaluate the genome, transcriptome, and epigenome have been applied to development of novel biomarkers,2 but reliable discrimination technology is yet to be determined. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.