DNA methylation is influenced by DNMTs, of which DNMT3A and DNMT3B regulate methylation during early development.54 Previous studies demonstrated increased AR gene methylation secondary to DNMT3A in the foreskin tissue of patients with hypospadias,54 suggesting epigenetic alterations, which may contribute to hypospadias and/or vascular abnormalities as we observed in our study. Here, AR is linked to hypospadias.