This was associated with increased mRNA expression of Ca2+ channels important in regulating VSMC Ca2+ influx, specifically CACNA1C (P = 0.03), IP3R (P = 0.007), TRPM2 (P = 0.001), SERCA (P = 0.008), and RyR1 (P = 0.01) in boys with hypospadias vs. controls (Figure 4B). This evidence concerns the gene CA2 and hypospadias.