Hyperoside can also reduce neuroinflammation, cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic rats through the tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)/NF-κB/caspase-3 signalling pathway, activate the SIRT1 gene and inhibit the nuclear factor-kappa-gene binding (NF-κB) gene to protect human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) from oxidative damage [37,40]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to Cognitive impairment.