CLDN1 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: Kanwal et al., using the Illumina MiSeq platform, found that DIP decreased endotoxemia (via lipopolysaccharide) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) levels and increased the expression of tight junction related proteins (claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occludens-1).