TNFRSF11A and Osteopenia: Upregulated proinflammatory cytokines in patients with obesity may also induce osteopenia and osteoporosis by regulating the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK)/RANK ligand/osteoprotegerin pathway, with a resulting decreased expression of osteoprotegerin and increased RANK signaling, culminating in osteoclastogenesis activation and bone resorption [10,83].