DEGs and alterations in pathways resulting from the addition of dithizone to formula (thereby completing the NEC model), in comparison to formula alone pups, include an increase in IL-6, hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), TNF, IL-1β, and catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1), representing a number of strongly inflammatory mediators (Figure 4A). Here, TNF is linked to necrotizing enterocolitis.