LDHA and breast carcinoma: We previously reported that the downregulation of LDH-A expression in 4T1 murine breast cancer cells in vitro and in 4T1 tumors located in the mammary fat pad leads to reduced glycolytic flux and increased mitochondrial respiration, leading to a slower growth and the delayed onset of (or failure to develop) distant metastases in both immune-compromised mice [11] and in immune-competent mice [12].