We first performed cellular association studies of rhodamine PE-labelled pH-sensitive liposomes either non-functionalized (L-RhoD), or functionalized with nucleolin-binding F3 peptide (F3-L-RhoD) or a non-specific control peptide (NS-L-RhoD) at 4 °C (temperature non-permissive to endocytosis) or 37 °C for 1 h with the lung cancer cell lines. Here, RHOD is linked to lung cancer.