TNF and neoplasm: For example, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) secrete chemokines C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL4, and CCL5 and inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-23 to activate T helper 17 (Th17) cell expansion [6].