VEGFA and neoplasm: Tumor cells with mutations in the PI3K/Akt/PTEN pathway tend to be less immunogenic and develop resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy due to the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as CCL2 and VEGF, depletion of cytotoxic T cells in tumors and decreased expression of IFN-γ and granzyme B [98].