For example, a study has observed a reciprocal increase in VLA-4 on the surface of ALL cells, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and VLA-5 on MSCs following coculture, which also coincided with increasing cell–cell adherence between leukemic cells and MSCs over time [113]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to acute lymphoblastic leukemia.