A comparison of HCC patients with etiology limited to NAFLD (a subtype of NBNC-HCC) with those with HCC due to other etiologies found that patients with NAFLD-HCC who received anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 treatment had shorter overall survival compared to patients of other etiologies [27]. Here, CD274 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.