CXCL8 and infection: For example, specific biomarkers have been recognized and can be useful in early diagnosis of the disease (e.g., increase in apolipoprotein-100, IL-8), monitoring the infection over time (e.g., increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines), or its progression (e.g., increased level of cytokines followed by the markers of bone resorption and specific “red complex” markers), as well as the resolution phase (e.g., decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and ICTP, increase in neutrophil defensins).