TNF and major depressive disorder: Previously, we pointed out that MDD/MDE demonstrates heightened neuroimmunotoxicity due to increased production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-2, IFN-γ, CXCL8, CXCL10, and CCL5, all of which have neuroimmunotoxic characteristics [1,2,3,32,34].