INS and endothelial dysfunction: ER stress is associated with hepatosteatosis in the liver [51,52], endothelial dysfunction in the aorta [32], reduced insulin secretion from β-cells [53], reduced oxygen consumption in skeletal muscle [54], left ventricular dysfunction in the heart [55], accelerated platelet aggregation [56], and brain cell apoptosis [57].In fact, ER stress has been considered to be a major cause of dopaminergic neuron loss in Parkinson’s disease, and Dahl showed that CDN1163 protected neurons from ER stress-induced cell death in vitro [57].