Poggio et al. showed that removal of EV-associated PD-L1 can increases the response rate of the anti-PD-L1 blockade and induce long-term systemic immunity to PD-L1-positive tumours, supporting the critical impact of EV-associated PD-L1 in therapeutic resistance to anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment [91]. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.