IRF3 and infection: In addition to negative-sense RNA viruses, infections with some positive-sense RNA viruses, including dengue and Zika viruses, are also detected by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I); this, in turn, activates interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and IRF7, which, together with the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), induce the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and other inflammatory genes [58].