Previous studies have assessed the impact of proton pump inhibitors on the nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in gastric epithelial and cancer cells, kidney epithelial and tubular cells, monocytes, umbilical vein ECs, and glioma cells [31,32,33,34,35]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to cancer.