PTAFR and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Rhinovirus has also been shown to upregulate airway epithelial expression of the bacterial adhesion molecules fibronectin, platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-r) and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM), leading to increased adhesion of bacterial species including Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae [116], although it is not known if this occurs to a greater extent in cells from COPD patients.