Specifically, it has been shown that increased HMGB1 translocation to the cytoplasm of tumor cells can serve as a predictive biomarker of better clinical outcomes in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy [50]; in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, high serum HMGB1 levels have been correlated with stronger tumor antigen-specific T cell responses and better clinical outcome after chemoradiation [51]. Here, HMGB1 is linked to neoplasm.