HMGB1 and cancer: Furthermore, several clinical studies, completed or on-going, have been/are being conducted on the detection of DAMPs as ICD markers via various methods, e.g., flow cytometry, ELISA, etc. The use of HMGB1, CRT, and HSPs as biomarkers of ICD detection is clinically relevant in several pathological conditions, including cancer, sepsis, autoimmune diseases and acute or chronic inflammation (Table 2).