GDF11 and atherosclerosis: Moreover, upregulation of miR-92a could also be a non-invasive serum biomarker for ACAS, which might be involved in the inflammatory response by enhancing nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) [71,88] in the dysregulation of endothelial progenitor cells by targeting growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) via the SMAD2/3/FAK/AKT/eNOS pathway [71,89] and in the progression of atherosclerosis through the targeting of ABCA1 [71,90], as mentioned above for miR-106-5p.