TNF and Sepsis: Current theories suggest that the sepsis may be associated with an early overwhelming innate immune response, characterized by dysregulation of protein mediators: activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), and their receptors (IL-1RA, TNF-R1/2) and dysregulation of crucial molecules, which modulate immune response (e.g., MCP-1, HMGB-1, PD-1, CTLA-4, NGAL, MMP-9, TIMP2, PAI-1).