TNF and acute kidney injury: Indeed, hypoxia can cause MIF to be rapidly released from pre-formed intracellular pools to trigger the inflammatory response including the expression of MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, CXCL15(IL-8 in human) and the recruitment and activation of macrophages, neutrophil, and T cells, resulting in severe AKI [31,32].