MAPK1 and Alzheimer disease: In the HEK 293T AD cell model and in the in vivo AD rat model, miR-132 (considered a protective agent in AD) inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), reduced oxidative stress, and improved cognitive function via the p38 signaling pathway, a member of MAPK family involved in inflammation and apoptosis [60].