IFNG and neoplasm: The NP was internalized (~ 55–80%) by all 3 cell lines and enhanced cross-presentation of OVA. Additionally, it increased anti-OVA IgG levels. Whereas the formulation containing both 3pRNA and CpG induced the strongest IgG2a response, the formulation containing only 3pRNA induced the strongest IgG1 response. Vaccination also increased IFN-γ secretion in the spleen. Consistently, the population of IL-4+ CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ + CD8+ T cells were abundant in the spleen. Both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines delayed tumour growth and prolonged mouse survival.