NFKB1 and interstitial cystitis: Juan et al. [53] also observed that treatment of rat primary urothelial cells with a urine sample from ketamine-treated rats, which contains ketamine and NK, can induce cytotoxicity and stimulate the expression of NF-κB-p65 and COX-2 proteins, which may be involved in ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis in rats.