BDNF and metabolic myopathy: BDNF is a fasting-induced myokine that controls the metabolic reprograming of lipid and glucose oxidation for ATP production during metabolic stress [90], and specifically, muscle-derived BDNF facilitates metabolic adaption during nutrient insufficiency in a female-specific manner; deficient BDNF production in skeletal muscle promotes the development of metabolic myopathies and insulin resistance.