IL1B and infectious otitis media: Similar to previous studies reporting the effects of P2X7R activation in the intestine, the nondysplastic areas of the colon of the AOM/DSS-induced P2X7R+/+ animals displayed characteristic chronic inflammatory changes combined with epithelial cell loss [34], including mucous-producing cells, increased fibrogenesis [35], and accumulation of mononuclear cells, with increased production of Th1 and Th17 proinflammatory cytokines [36,37], decreased production of IL-10 [9], and upregulation of IL-1 beta expression [19,31].