Therefore, taking into consideration not only the above-mentioned data justifying the potential of granulosa cells for cancer formation but also our previous investigation [35] and the results of the present research (indicating elevated expression of TNF-β and HSP27 in the presence of Ndn), it can be concluded that Ndn enhances the risk of neoplastic transformation of CCs derived from COCs subjected to IVM in a microenvironment enriched with the presence of this EDC. Here, NDN is linked to cancer.