In addition, CCL2, together with CXCL10, have been characterized as prognostic biomarkers for the disease progression and the survival outcome of patients with IPF [67], and in a murine model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease the chemokines CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL8, CXCL10 and CXCL11 were found to be elevated and correlated with the establishment of fibrosis [68]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL11 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.