KRAS and cancer: The functional enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were mainly enriched in key pathways like Rho-GTPase cycle, TOR signaling, TGF-beta regulation of extracellular matrix, proteoglycans in cancer, pathways in the cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and RAS signaling pathway, which are all cancer-related pathways could be involved in KRAS-associated carcinogenesis25–27.