VEGFA and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: To elucidate whether miR-378a-5p mediates the promotional effect of DMDRMR on angiogenesis, we firstly performed GSEA analysis in TCGA ccRCC dataset and found that the gene signatures of angiogenesis and VEGF signaling pathways were enriched in patients with low miR-378a-5p expression (Figs. 4A, B and S4A–C), indicating that miR-378a-5p might inhibit angiogenesis and VEGF signaling pathways.