TP53 and cancer: In certain cancer cell lines, the use of PDT and many other plant-derived bioactive compounds have been reported to induce apoptosis via the activation and interactions of anti-apoptotic proteins (e.g., Blc-2, Bcl-w, and Mcl-1), pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bak), p53, and effector caspases (Mitsunaga et al., 2007; Iqbal et al., 2017; Banjara et al., 2020).