They respond to extracellular inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, heat shock, and other stimuli, regulating a series of physiological and pathological activities, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance (IR), cellular intermediary metabolism, apoptosis, growth processes, and mitoses (Lebovitz, 2001; Cui et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2018; Simsek et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021). Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.